فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 107 (بهمن 1400)

The spread of the coronavirus causes many problems, including anxiety, depression, being away from relatives, and increasing feelings of loneliness. However, research has not yet comprehensively explained what problems and challenges will be faced by mourning spouses with coronavirus.

The aim of the present study was to identify the life experiences of mourning spouses during the corona virus pandemic.

present study was qualitative descriptive phenomenology. The sample consisted of 8 mourning spouses in Tehran who lost their partners in the period from April to September 2020. Targeted and snowball sampling methods were used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by the seven-step Colaizzi’s method.

In this study, 4 main themes include: 1) Concerns (Worries about survival, worries about children, financial concerns); 2) personal reactions (Emotional reactions, behavioral reactions); 3) changes in social relations (Communication with relatives, communication with coworkers); 4) A change of perspective (Towards the world, towards those around) was identified.

According to the findings, it can be said that the lives of mourning spouses have been severely affected by this disease and the death of their spouses, and it is necessary to provide support systems for them according to their circumstances.

Although previous researches have examined the direct effects of the personality trait of grit in predicting students' procrastination and engagement, its indirect effects have been less studied.

The general purpose of this study is to investigate the role of grit that directly or indirectly increases academic engagement and decreases academic procrastination.

The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all non-profit high school male students in Hamadan city in the academic year 1398-99. Based on the two-stage cluster sampling method, 500 students were selected and completed Duckworth and Quinn's (2007) Grit scale, Reeve's (2013) academic engagement scale, Solomon & Rothblum's (1984) academic procrastination, and Elliot, Murayama's, and Pekrun's (2011) achievement goal questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the structural equation statistical method and Spss24 and AMOS-26 software.

The results showed that grit had a positive and significant effect on academic engagement with the mediating role of self-based and task-based development goals (β= 0.05, p<0.01). But grit did not have a negative and significant effect on academic procrastination with the mediating role of self-based and task-based achievement goals (β= 0.06, P= 0.68).

Self-based and task-based competencies can increase behavioral, cognitional, emotional, and agentic engagement in grittier students. But these competencies can't play a significant role in reducing procrastination.

Critical thinking has been one of the most important concepts in recent years; But the identification of predictor variables in the form of a structural model and in the educational environment has not been studied.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mindfulness as a mediator in the relationship between autonomy supportive environment and critical thinking.

The research method is correlation and modeling of structural equations. The population of this study included all high school students in Shiraz city in the academic year 2019-2020. 525 students (301 girls and 224 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Participants answered three questionnaires: autonomy supportive environmental scale (Assor and et al, 2002, Assor, 2012), Freiburg mindfulness questionnair (short form, Walach and et al, 2006), and California critical thinking test (Facione, 2013). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and AMOS software and fitness indicators.

The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with data. Direct path coefficients indicated that the autonomy supportive environment was a significant predictor of mindfulness (P <0.001, β = 0.18) and critical thinking (P <0.001, β = 0.18). Mindfulness was also a significant predictor of critical thinking (P <0.001, β = 0.28). In addition, the results indicated that mindfulness was able to play a mediating role in the relationship between autonomy supportive environment and critical thinking.

Environmental characteristics such as autonomy supportive environmental along with interpersonal factors such as mindfulness play an important role in students' critical thinking and it is necessary to pay attention to them in educational planning.

Various research has been done about job success in different strata of society. But, there is little research that has examined the career success of lawyers and jurists.

The study aimed to predict career success (subjective and objective) through career anchors among lawyers and jurists in Isfahan in the year 2019.

A descriptive-correlational design was utilized to study. Thus, 152 lawyers (65 females and 87 male) were selected through convenience sampling and answered to the study instruments that consisted of Career Success Questionnaire (Samiee et al., 2014) and Career Anchors Questionnaire (Schien, 1985). The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis.

The results of descriptive statistics showed that the highest career anchor was technical and functional competencies, and then, service and lifestyle related to work-family balance among lawyers and Jurists. Besides, the prevalence of subjective career success was more than objective career success. Also, technical and functional competencies, independence and service predicted of subjective career success (p<0.05). Moreover, technical and functional competencies and challenge predicted objective career success (p<0.05), which explained 20 and 15 per cent of the variances of subjective career success and objective career success.

Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the subjective and objective career success could be increased by increasing competencies, independence and challenging cases among lawyers and jurists.

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field whose methodology is less developed in the form of books or independent articles and there are many problems in its methodological field.

The aim of this research was to study the methodological content and statistical analysis of articles related to cognitive sciences.

The articles were examined by content analysis method. The study population is all the articles related to the field of cognitive sciences that have been indexed in the ranking website of scientific journals in 2016 and the sampling method is purposeful. In order to classify the techniques and methods adopted from content analysis, a square matrix related to these techniques was provided to 7 experts in the field of cognitive science methodology and they were asked to rate their views on the similarity of each of these techniques and methods on a scale of 100 points. The mean score obtained from these matrices was entered into R software as similarity matrix with the aim of discovering clusters, The Fruchterman-Ringold algorithm was used to visualize the relationship between the different techniques.

Content analysis of articles and inclusion of related keywords in the coding sheet led to a list of statistical methods. The graph obtained from the network of conections between statistical techniques and methods with significant distances was drawn (p≤0.001).

Close-up techniques in the resulting graph were examined in detail and finally the methods used to analyze cognitive data in 17 clusters were introduced, the main purpose of the techniques used in each cluster was determined and research on how to select these techniques was suggested.

Today, addiction is a very important threat to the health of the family system. Cognitive-behavioral therapies with emphasis on mindfulness and attention to cognitive flexibility are effective in rehabilitation of mothers addicted to substance abuse. In this regard, the question of the present study was whether cognitive-behavioral counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is effective on the psychological flexibility of mothers dependent on substance abuse?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on psychological flexibility of mothers dependent on substance abuse.

The present study was conducted by quasi-experimental method and pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study comprises those addictive mothers who have been hospitalized in the addiction treatment center of Shiraz during spring 2019. A total number of thirty addictive mothers were selected making use of available sampling. They were divided into two groups of control and experimental. Each group consisted of 15 samples. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire of Bond et al (2007) was used as pre-test and post-test designs alike. We also employed 12-session protocol of Flaxman et al (2011) for acceptance and commitment counselling. The method of analysis of covariance was chosen to analyze collected data.

The results showed cognitive-behavioral counseling which was based on acceptance and commitment therapy had effective on psychological flexibility of addictive mothers. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0/01).

According to findings, cognitive-behavioral counseling, which was based on acceptance and commitment, increases the psychological flexibility of addicted mothers.

Marriage is substantially recognized as a common convention to form an exclusive relationship in which emotional and sextual commitments of couples are fulfilled. Unfulfilled commitments and marital infidelity though are considered to be a thread to family and society health. Consequently, identifying causing effects of marital infidelity is highly significant to prevent it.

Current research hopes to investigate underlying factors on individuals’ inclinations which lead to marital infidelity to preclude its outbreak in families.

This qualitative research is conducted on the basis of grounded theory method. Population of the study Present population involves entire men and women live in Tehran who have committed infidelity between 2017 to 2020 and have visited Ruzbeh, Rahe Now, Parand as well as Mehraeein counseling centers. Participants are purposefully chosen from eleven men and ten women who meet the requirements.
An in-depth semi-structured interview is carried out. Data analysis is performed based on Strauss and Carbine (1990) three-stage method.

Data analysis in Open Coding Stage is divided into two main categories. Causal conditions (individual – personality, individual – family, husband and wife – relationship) and Texture conditions (society, occupation, cyberspace) and a subcategory including Intervening factors (friends, money, power, positive characteristics discovery) and needs category from Axial Coding Stage besides three core categories (predisposing factors, deterrent, responsive) are obtained.

Infidel men and women are affected by the aforementioned main and secondary effects revolving around needs are getting into adultery. Applying practical strategies, for some it leads to positive effects such as embedment and for some others it results in impractical strategies like divorce.

The oldest method of educating gifted students is grade skipping. In this case, gifted students are able to complete the academic years of the regular education system more quickly and graduate one or more years earlier. According to the report of the Exceptional Education Organization of Iran, the demand for grade skipping is 70% higher than the international standards, and it is increasing every year, but still a study that has dealt with the behavioral and emotional problems of students using this plan has been neglected.

The purpose of this research is to compare and study the behavioral and emotional problems of students using grade skipping with other students.

This descriptive study was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population includes students using the grade skipping in the academic year 2019-2020 in Khorasan Razavi province that 165 out of 286 grade-skipped students were selected by regular random sampling method and the peer group (384 people) as a control group from normal grade students by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect the data, a child strength and weakness questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) was used and data analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance, Scheffe post hoc test, Pearson correlation test and simultaneous multivariate regression.

In this study, findings showed that emotional-behavioral problems in all subscales (Conduct disorder, emotional symptoms, communication problems or peer problems) were higher in students who used grade skipping compared to other peer students (P <0/05).

Students who used the academic leap and had a lower calendar age than their classmates showed more behavioral and emotional problems. It is suggested to use methods based on enriching the educational content in educating gifted students.

Psychological factors affecting marital adjustment have been considered by researchers in two intrapersonal approaches such as personality traits and interpersonal approaches such as couples interaction. In the field of couples interaction, research has shown that sexual self-disclosure which leads to greater desire and satisfaction with a women’s mental arousal communication exchange skills which ultimately leads to more adjustment between couples. Therefore, can more social exchange be effective as a mediator between self-disclosure and adjustment of couples?
Present study aimed to predict marital adjustment based on sexual self- disclosure and psychological needs: mediating social exchange in women with early marriage.
Method was descriptive- correlation. Participants were married women with early marriage in Markazi province. 270 participants selected by snowball sampling and completed scales of Spanier’s (1976) dyadic adjustment, Snell & et al, s (1997) sexual self- disclosure and Libman & et al, s (1997) social exchange. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and SEM. findings indicated that self-disclosure in sex behaviour, sex preference, sex affect and sex attitude significantly predict marital adjustment of married women with early marriage (P<0.01).
The results of Bootstrap test showed that social exchange can significantly mediate on predicting of marital adjustment based on sexual self-disclosure (P<0.01). social exchange indirectly effect on the relationship between sexual self- disclosure and marital adjustment. In order to promote marital adjustment of married women with early marriage, it is suggested to pay attention to sexual self-disclosure skill and perception of social exchange in women.
The modification of social exchange of women through training and counseling is suggested.

Studies have shown that games based on fundamental motor skills and action video are effective in acquiring motor skills. However, studies on the Enjoyment factor of physical activity as an important psychological factor are rare.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of active video games and fundamental sports games on the enjoyment of physical activity in fourth grade elementary school male students.

The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included all 10 years Children in Ahvaz. 60 Children were selected by available sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups of 30 individual. The research instruments included the Xbox 360 Kinect and Moore enjoyment questionnaire (2009). Analysis of covariance with bonferroni were used to analyze the data.

fundamental sports and action video games had a significant effect (p <.05) on children's enjoyment of physical activity. Also, there was no difference between the fundamental sports and action video in the factor of enjoyment of physical activity. So that the larger perceived group was more associated with alpha wave reduction.

Based on the findings of this study, it is possible to use both fundamental sports and Action video methods, or a combination of both methods in the absence of suitable environmental conditions for increase enjoyment.

The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, quality of emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and resilience play a role as important aggravators based on the research. In addition, these symptoms are experienced in the general population. In this field, there has not been too much research.

This study is conducted to predict the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the general population according to self-efficacy, resilience, and cognitive emotion regulation.

The descriptive-correlation design was used in this study. People between 17 to 70 years old in Tehran were the study population (spring and summer 2019). Among them, 636 people were selected as a sample. The Bill Brown (1989) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Questionnaire, the Garnfsky & Craig (2001) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), and the Scherer and Maddox Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982) were used to collect data. To analyze the data, Pearson and stepwise regression tests were used.

The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between other blame, rumination, and catastrophe with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (P <0.01). In addition, there is a significant negative relationship between acceptance variables (P <0.05), refocusing on planning, reappraisal, perspective, resilience, and self-efficacy with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (P <0.01).
Other blame, rumination, and catastrophe predicted positive symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the resilience and self-efficacy predicted them negatively (P <0.01).

According to the findings, it can be concluded that reducing the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation, and promoting self-efficacy, resilience and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation can reduce the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the general papulation

Studies have shown that lifestyle change through regulation and orientation to human life is effective on improving individual-educational determinants but a study which addresses the impact of this training on students' self-efficacy, outcome expectations and source of control has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lifestyle change training on improving self-efficacy, outcome expectations and reducing locus of external control in students.

This study was an experimental study with pre-test, post-test with control group. The research population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research Sciences Branch in the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021. The study sample included 40 students who were selected by two-stage cluster sampling method and, then, were assigned into experiment and control groups (20 individuals per group) through random assignment method. The research tool were the scales of General Self-Efficacy (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995), Student Outcome Expectations (Landy, 2003) and Source of Control (Rotter, 1966). For the experiment group, lifestyle change training (Van Pay, 2018) was held in eight 90-minute sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that lifestyle change training was effective in increasing students' self-efficacy, outcome expectations and reducing locus of external control (p<0.01).

Lifestyle change training can be used by therapists as an efficient way to improve students' self-efficacy and outcome expectations and reduce their external control beliefs, and thus help their academic-career success.

Background studies show that emotional regulation and mindfulness training have each led to improved cognitive flexibility and parent-child interaction; But it is not yet clear which of these interventions can be most effective over time.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotional regulation and mindfulness training on cognitive flexibility and parent-child interaction of mothers with children with mild mental retardation.

The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with children with mild mental disabilities who referred to exceptional schools in Rasht in the academic year of 2019-2020. 36 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 12 people. The experimental groups were trained in emotional regulation (8 sessions of 90 minutes) and mindfulness (8 sessions of 90 minutes). Research instruments included the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis and Vanderwall, 2010) and the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1994). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Emotional regulation and mindfulness training were effective in improving cognitive flexibility and parent-child interaction and their components in the post-test and follow-up stages; Also, in the follow-up stage, no significant difference was observed between the two interventions in these variables (P< 0.01).

According to the results, it can be said that training in emotional regulation and mindfulness by promoting emotional reconstruction, reducing negative self-referential processing and increasing the ability to perform purposeful behaviors, awareness of current experiences and returning attention to cognitive system and more efficient information processing, finally, improved cognitive flexibility and parent-child interaction of mothers with children with mild mental retardation.